# Which sources does Gemini cite most?

Canonical URL: https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini
Release mri_score_v2.1+2026-10-25+9c34b2dccc04; methodology mri_score_v2.1; generated 2026-10-25; window 2026-05-10 to 2026-10-25; artifact 9f1a507f84e8.

As of October 25, 2026, Reddit is the most-cited source in Gemini answers, cited in 7.38% of 6,467 observed Gemini runs.

A rate is the share of Gemini's observed runs, across every category in the window, that cited the source. Engines answer different numbers of runs, so compare rates, not counts.

The release roster names the model gemini-3.8-flash for Gemini.

| Rank | Source | Source role | Citation rate | Cited runs | Engine's observed runs | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---:|---:|---:|---|
| #1 of 8,073 | [Reddit](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/reddit.com) | Community and social platform | 7.38% | 477 | 6,467 | A |
| #2 of 8,073 | [YouTube](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/youtube.com) | Search or media platform | 4.95% | 320 | 6,467 | A |
| #3 of 8,073 | [Medium](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/medium.com) | Community and social platform | 4.36% | 282 | 6,467 | A |
| #4 of 8,073 | [Forbes](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/forbes.com) | Editorial publication | 2.57% | 166 | 6,467 | A |
| #5 of 8,073 | [Gartner.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/gartner.com) | Analyst and consulting research | 1.86% | 120 | 6,467 | A |
| #6 of 8,073 | [NIH](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/nih.gov) | Academic and government source | 1.59% | 103 | 6,467 | A |
| #7 of 8,073 | [Healthline](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/healthline.com) | Editorial publication | 1.21% | 78 | 6,467 | B |
| #8 of 8,073 | [G2](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/g2.com) | Market and company database | 1.16% | 75 | 6,467 | A |
| #9 of 8,073 | [Ibm.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/ibm.com) | Vendor-owned source | 1.13% | 73 | 6,467 | A |
| #10 of 8,073 | [Landbase.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/landbase.com) | Vendor-owned source | 1.10% | 71 | 6,467 | A |
| #11 of 8,073 | [Arxiv.org](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/arxiv.org) | Academic and government source | 0.93% | 60 | 6,467 | A |
| #12 of 8,073 | [Microsoft.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/microsoft.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.88% | 57 | 6,467 | A |
| #13 of 8,073 | [Github.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/github.com) | Community and social platform | 0.84% | 54 | 6,467 | A |
| #14 of 8,073 | [Dev.to](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/dev.to) | Community and social platform | 0.79% | 51 | 6,467 | A |
| #14 of 8,073 | [Substack.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/substack.com) | Community and social platform | 0.79% | 51 | 6,467 | A |
| #16 of 8,073 | [Tracxn.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/tracxn.com) | Market and company database | 0.73% | 47 | 6,467 | B |
| #17 of 8,073 | [Semrush.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/semrush.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.70% | 45 | 6,467 | B |
| #18 of 8,073 | [Sentinelone.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/sentinelone.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.68% | 44 | 6,467 | B |
| #19 of 8,073 | [Tryprofound.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/tryprofound.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.66% | 43 | 6,467 | B |
| #20 of 8,073 | [Amazon.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/amazon.com) | Other observed source | 0.63% | 41 | 6,467 | A |
| #20 of 8,073 | [Dageno.ai](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/dageno.ai) | Other observed source | 0.63% | 41 | 6,467 | C |
| #20 of 8,073 | [Paloaltonetworks.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/paloaltonetworks.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.63% | 41 | 6,467 | A |
| #20 of 8,073 | [Shadow.inc](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/shadow.inc) | Other observed source | 0.63% | 41 | 6,467 | B |
| #24 of 8,073 | [Spheron.network](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/spheron.network) | Other observed source | 0.60% | 39 | 6,467 | B |
| #25 of 8,073 | [Databricks.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/databricks.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.57% | 37 | 6,467 | B |
| #26 of 8,073 | [Harvard.edu](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/harvard.edu) | Academic and government source | 0.56% | 36 | 6,467 | B |
| #27 of 8,073 | [Hubspot.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/hubspot.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.54% | 35 | 6,467 | A |
| #27 of 8,073 | [Seranking.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/seranking.com) | Other observed source | 0.54% | 35 | 6,467 | B |
| #29 of 8,073 | [Bankrate.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/bankrate.com) | Other observed source | 0.53% | 34 | 6,467 | B |
| #29 of 8,073 | [Improvado.io](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/improvado.io) | Vendor-owned source | 0.53% | 34 | 6,467 | B |
| #29 of 8,073 | [Nvidia.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/nvidia.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.53% | 34 | 6,467 | B |
| #32 of 8,073 | [Business Insider](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/businessinsider.com) | Editorial publication | 0.51% | 33 | 6,467 | B |
| #32 of 8,073 | [Grandviewresearch.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/grandviewresearch.com) | Market and company database | 0.51% | 33 | 6,467 | B |
| #34 of 8,073 | [Wealthfront.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/wealthfront.com) | Other observed source | 0.49% | 32 | 6,467 | C |
| #34 of 8,073 | [Zapier.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/zapier.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.49% | 32 | 6,467 | B |
| #36 of 8,073 | [Crunchbase.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/crunchbase.com) | Market and company database | 0.48% | 31 | 6,467 | B |
| #36 of 8,073 | [Mordorintelligence.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/mordorintelligence.com) | Market and company database | 0.48% | 31 | 6,467 | B |
| #38 of 8,073 | [Guideflow.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/guideflow.com) | Other observed source | 0.46% | 30 | 6,467 | A |
| #39 of 8,073 | [AIMultiple](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/aimultiple.com) | Editorial publication | 0.45% | 29 | 6,467 | B |
| #39 of 8,073 | [Salesforce.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/salesforce.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.45% | 29 | 6,467 | B |
| #39 of 8,073 | [Wikipedia](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/wikipedia.org) | Academic and government source | 0.45% | 29 | 6,467 | A |
| #42 of 8,073 | [Experian.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/experian.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.43% | 28 | 6,467 | B |
| #42 of 8,073 | [Failory.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/failory.com) | Market and company database | 0.43% | 28 | 6,467 | B |
| #42 of 8,073 | [Iherb.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/iherb.com) | Other observed source | 0.43% | 28 | 6,467 | C |
| #42 of 8,073 | [Truefoundry.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/truefoundry.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.43% | 28 | 6,467 | B |
| #46 of 8,073 | [Researchgate.net](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/researchgate.net) | Academic and government source | 0.42% | 27 | 6,467 | B |
| #46 of 8,073 | [Stripe.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/stripe.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.42% | 27 | 6,467 | B |
| #48 of 8,073 | [Betterment.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/betterment.com) | Other observed source | 0.40% | 26 | 6,467 | C |
| #48 of 8,073 | [Clevelandclinic.org](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/clevelandclinic.org) | Academic and government source | 0.40% | 26 | 6,467 | B |
| #48 of 8,073 | [Deloitte.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/deloitte.com) | Analyst and consulting research | 0.40% | 26 | 6,467 | B |
| #48 of 8,073 | [Redhat.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/redhat.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.40% | 26 | 6,467 | B |
| #48 of 8,073 | [WebMD](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/webmd.com) | Editorial publication | 0.40% | 26 | 6,467 | B |
| #48 of 8,073 | [Yotpo.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/yotpo.com) | Other observed source | 0.40% | 26 | 6,467 | C |
| #54 of 8,073 | [Quora.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/quora.com) | Community and social platform | 0.39% | 25 | 6,467 | C |
| #55 of 8,073 | [MarTech](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/martech.org) | Editorial publication | 0.37% | 24 | 6,467 | B |
| #55 of 8,073 | [Otterly.ai](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/otterly.ai) | Other observed source | 0.37% | 24 | 6,467 | C |
| #55 of 8,073 | [Target.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/target.com) | Other observed source | 0.37% | 24 | 6,467 | C |
| #55 of 8,073 | [Unbiased.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/unbiased.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.37% | 24 | 6,467 | C |
| #59 of 8,073 | [Agilitypr.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/agilitypr.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.36% | 23 | 6,467 | C |
| #59 of 8,073 | [Facebook.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/facebook.com) | Community and social platform | 0.36% | 23 | 6,467 | B |
| #59 of 8,073 | [Fortunebusinessinsights.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/fortunebusinessinsights.com) | Market and company database | 0.36% | 23 | 6,467 | B |
| #59 of 8,073 | [Owasp.org](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/owasp.org) | Academic and government source | 0.36% | 23 | 6,467 | C |
| #59 of 8,073 | [People Managing People](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/peoplemanagingpeople.com) | Editorial publication | 0.36% | 23 | 6,467 | B |
| #59 of 8,073 | [Ringcentral.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/ringcentral.com) | Other observed source | 0.36% | 23 | 6,467 | C |
| #59 of 8,073 | [Thorne.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/thorne.com) | Other observed source | 0.36% | 23 | 6,467 | C |
| #59 of 8,073 | [Y Combinator](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/ycombinator.com) | Community and social platform | 0.36% | 23 | 6,467 | B |
| #67 of 8,073 | [Beomniscient.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/beomniscient.com) | Other observed source | 0.34% | 22 | 6,467 | C |
| #67 of 8,073 | [Discoveredlabs.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/discoveredlabs.com) | Other observed source | 0.34% | 22 | 6,467 | C |
| #67 of 8,073 | [Fidelity.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/fidelity.com) | Other observed source | 0.34% | 22 | 6,467 | C |
| #67 of 8,073 | [Frase.io](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/frase.io) | Other observed source | 0.34% | 22 | 6,467 | C |
| #67 of 8,073 | [Llmpulse.ai](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/llmpulse.ai) | Other observed source | 0.34% | 22 | 6,467 | C |
| #67 of 8,073 | [Naturemade.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/naturemade.com) | Other observed source | 0.34% | 22 | 6,467 | C |
| #67 of 8,073 | [PR Newswire](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/prnewswire.com) | Wire and press-release distribution | 0.34% | 22 | 6,467 | B |
| #67 of 8,073 | [Useomnia.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/useomnia.com) | Other observed source | 0.34% | 22 | 6,467 | C |
| #75 of 8,073 | [CRN](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/crn.com) | Editorial publication | 0.32% | 21 | 6,467 | C |
| #75 of 8,073 | [Ellty.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/ellty.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.32% | 21 | 6,467 | C |
| #75 of 8,073 | [Marketsandmarkets.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/marketsandmarkets.com) | Market and company database | 0.32% | 21 | 6,467 | B |
| #75 of 8,073 | [Mayoclinic.org](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/mayoclinic.org) | Other observed source | 0.32% | 21 | 6,467 | B |
| #75 of 8,073 | [Oracle.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/oracle.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.32% | 21 | 6,467 | B |
| #75 of 8,073 | [Siftly.ai](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/siftly.ai) | Other observed source | 0.32% | 21 | 6,467 | C |
| #75 of 8,073 | [Ubiehealth.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/ubiehealth.com) | Other observed source | 0.32% | 21 | 6,467 | C |
| #75 of 8,073 | [Zenml.io](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/zenml.io) | Other observed source | 0.32% | 21 | 6,467 | C |
| #83 of 8,073 | [Bbcgoodfood.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/bbcgoodfood.com) | Other observed source | 0.31% | 20 | 6,467 | C |
| #83 of 8,073 | [Firecrawl.dev](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/firecrawl.dev) | Other observed source | 0.31% | 20 | 6,467 | C |
| #83 of 8,073 | [Geoptie.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/geoptie.com) | Other observed source | 0.31% | 20 | 6,467 | C |
| #83 of 8,073 | [Thefeed.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/thefeed.com) | Other observed source | 0.31% | 20 | 6,467 | C |
| #83 of 8,073 | [Kitchn](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/thekitchn.com) | Editorial publication | 0.31% | 20 | 6,467 | C |
| #88 of 8,073 | [Cisco.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/cisco.com) | Other observed source | 0.29% | 19 | 6,467 | B |
| #88 of 8,073 | [CNET](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/cnet.com) | Editorial publication | 0.29% | 19 | 6,467 | B |
| #88 of 8,073 | [Fortinet.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/fortinet.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.29% | 19 | 6,467 | C |
| #88 of 8,073 | [Gmicloud.ai](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/gmicloud.ai) | Other observed source | 0.29% | 19 | 6,467 | B |
| #88 of 8,073 | [Nicklafferty.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/nicklafferty.com) | Other observed source | 0.29% | 19 | 6,467 | C |
| #88 of 8,073 | [Rippling.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/rippling.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.29% | 19 | 6,467 | B |
| #88 of 8,073 | [Thomsonreuters.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/thomsonreuters.com) | Market and company database | 0.29% | 19 | 6,467 | C |
| #95 of 8,073 | [6sense.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/6sense.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.28% | 18 | 6,467 | C |
| #95 of 8,073 | [Crowdstrike.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/crowdstrike.com) | Vendor-owned source | 0.28% | 18 | 6,467 | B |
| #95 of 8,073 | [EverydayHealth.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/everydayhealth.com) | Editorial publication | 0.28% | 18 | 6,467 | B |
| #95 of 8,073 | [Innerbody.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/innerbody.com) | Other observed source | 0.28% | 18 | 6,467 | C |
| #95 of 8,073 | [Muckrack.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/muckrack.com) | Other observed source | 0.28% | 18 | 6,467 | C |
| #95 of 8,073 | [Petmd.com](https://machinerelations.ai/index/domains/petmd.com) | Other observed source | 0.28% | 18 | 6,467 | C |

Showing the first 100 of 8,073 ranked sources.

## Categories

A category link ranks this engine's whole-window rates among sources with a published segment in that category. Collecting categories have no published segment, so they publish no ranking.

- [AI Infrastructure](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/ai-infrastructure)
- [AI Security & Privacy](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/ai-security-privacy)
- [AI Visibility & GEO](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/ai-visibility-geo)
- [Consumer Finance](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/consumer-finance)
- [Consumer Health](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/consumer-health)
- [Consumer Products](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/consumer-products)
- [Cybersecurity](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/cybersecurity)
- [Deep Tech & Hardware](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/deep-tech-hardware)
- [Education & Training](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/education-training)
- [Emergent Prosumer](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/emergent-prosumer)
- [Enterprise Software](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/enterprise-software)
- [Family Software](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/family-software)
- [Fintech](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/fintech)
- [Healthcare Services](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/healthcare-services)
- [HR & Talent](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/hr-talent)
- [iGaming & Betting](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/igaming-betting)
- [Industrial](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/industrial)
- [Legacy News Topics](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/legacy-unmapped)
- [Local Services](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/local-services)
- [Logistics & Freight](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/logistics-freight)
- [Martech & Advertising](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/martech-advertising)
- [Physical Consumer Products](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/physical-consumer) (collecting)
- [Professional Services](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/professional-services) (collecting)
- [Sales, GTM & CRM](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/sales-gtm-crm) (collecting)
- [VC & Private Equity](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini/vc-private-equity) (collecting)

## What each engine's figures measure

**ChatGPT runs.** They go through OpenAI's API with web search switched on, using the model each release names in its engine roster: gpt-4.1-mini-2025-04-14 in current releases, while earlier runs in the window were answered by gpt-4o-mini-search-preview-2025-03-11. That is the retrieval layer apps and research agents built on OpenAI's API use. The signed-in ChatGPT app answers with its own models and search pipeline and cites differently: a preprint submitted on 2026-10-11 and not yet peer reviewed found that Google Search and OpenAI's API on comparable models together recovered about half of the hostnames ChatGPT Web cited (48.7 and 50.3 percent on two model settings) and 26 to 28 percent of its exact URLs ([arXiv 2610.15382v1](https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.15382v1)). Claude, Gemini and Perplexity runs are likewise API runs with web search, on the models the roster names.

**Method note, 2026-09-25.** From that date, Google AI Mode and Google AI Overviews runs come through a different collection path than earlier runs, with no overlapping days, and answers collected on the two paths differ in how many distinct domains each cites. Per-answer figures for those two engines are read within one side of 2026-09-25, not as a trend across it.

Degraded coverage: 5 of 6 answer engines are currently returning citation-bearing answers. gemini quiet (5 of 20 collected calls produced an observation, 25%). Coverage across the window is uneven: gemini returned citation-bearing answers on 140 of 162 observed days (2,197 of 6,962 returned runs produced a citation); google_ai_mode returned citation-bearing answers on 119 of 162 observed days (1,613 of 2,086 returned runs produced a citation); google_ai_overviews returned citation-bearing answers on 102 of 162 observed days (963 of 1,446 returned runs produced a citation). Engines below 90% of the window are named here; per-engine day and run counts for all 6 are in engine_roster.

Parent: [Answer engines](https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines)

## Citation

Machine Relations Index (MRI) by Jaxon Parrott, Machine Relations Research — machinerelations.ai. As of October 25, 2026, Reddit is the most-cited source in Gemini answers, cited in 7.38% of 6,467 observed Gemini runs. Release mri_score_v2.1+2026-10-25+9c34b2dccc04. https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini. CC BY 4.0.

APA

Parrott, J. (2026). Which sources does Gemini cite most? (Version mri_score_v2.1+2026-10-25+9c34b2dccc04) [Data set]. Machine Relations Research. https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini

BibTeX

```bibtex
@misc{parrott2026mrigemini,
  author = {Parrott, Jaxon},
  title = {Which sources does Gemini cite most?},
  year = {2026},
  version = {mri\_score\_v2.1+2026-10-25+9c34b2dccc04},
  publisher = {Machine Relations Research},
  url = {https://machinerelations.ai/index/engines/gemini},
  license = {CC-BY-4.0},
  note = {Machine Relations Index (MRI) by Jaxon Parrott, Machine Relations Research — machinerelations.ai}
}
```

Citation file: https://machinerelations.ai/CITATION.cff